8. Particles, ideophones and interjections

• Koehn and Koehn 1986: 111 on Apalaí: "Particles follow words of any class other than the ideophone, and never occur as free forms or in isolation."

8.1 Particles

Three kinds of particles elsewhere in the family:

1. second position (modals, focus)
2. phrasal (focus)

3. clause boundary

4. prosodic effects?

❕

8.2 Ideophones

• a construction with nwa?

1. pïtïpëjsapë chipë ke, pïtï, pïtï, pïtï, warë

   pïtïpëjsapë pïtï -pëj -sapë paint-plur-pfv

   chipë chipë caranna

   ke ke ins

   pïtï pïtï paint

   pïtï pïtï paint

   pïtï pïtï paint

   wa =rë wa =rë thus=emp

   ‘Painted with caranna, painted all over.’ ()

1. ta-ta ta-ta, nwarë ejnë weseyu wëra rë, ejnë tapa ta

   ta-ta   ***

   ta-ta   ***

   nwa =rë nwa =rë thus=emp

   ejnë ejnë 1+2pro

   weseyu weseyu -∅ be_angry-acnnmlz

   wëra wëra like

   rë rë emp

   ejnë ejnë 1+2pro

   tapa tapa -∅ beat-ipfv

   ta ta like

   ‘ta-ta-ta, like that he rubbed us as if he was angry with us.’ ()

8.3 Interjections

• can occur in isolation